{"id":533647,"date":"2026-10-23T07:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-23T05:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/?p=533647"},"modified":"2026-10-23T09:14:57","modified_gmt":"2026-10-23T07:14:57","slug":"soziale-entfremdung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/de\/politique\/derive-etat-social\/","title":{"rendered":"Von der Unterst\u00fctzung zur Vormundschaft \u2013 der Abdrift des Sozialstaats"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u2019Etat social est n\u00e9 pour venir en aide aux individus. Sa r\u00e9ussite aurait d\u00fb se mesurer au fait qu\u2019ils aient de moins en moins besoin de lui. Repens\u00e9 au fil du temps, il produit d\u00e9sormais des citoyens d\u00e9pendants.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les gouvernements occidentaux se f\u00e9licitent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement, sans rougir, de l\u2019augmentation du nombre de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires de prestations et pr\u00e9sentent des budgets marqu\u00e9s par des \u00abd\u00e9penses record\u00bb. Pourtant, cette progression des moyens ne s\u2019accompagne pas d\u2019une am\u00e9lioration comparable des conditions de vie ou des services offerts. Elle invite donc \u00e0 poser une question simple: un syst\u00e8me qui d\u00e9pense davantage tout en rendant un nombre croissant de personnes d\u00e9pendantes remplit-il r\u00e9ellement sa mission? Faut-il encore augmenter les ressources ou commencer par mieux les employer?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce paradoxe concerne tout particuli\u00e8rement le mod\u00e8le social europ\u00e9en, dont la crise est annonc\u00e9e depuis le dernier quart du si\u00e8cle pass\u00e9. Seuls quelques Etats ont entrepris de le r\u00e9former en profondeur \u2013 la Su\u00e8de en est l\u2019exemple le plus connu. La plupart cherchent encore la solution dans une augmentation des ressources. Or le probl\u00e8me n\u2019est pas seulement financier: il tient \u00e0 la finalit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me et \u00e0 sa conception. Tant que ce diagnostic ne sera pas pos\u00e9 avec justesse, la situation continuera de s\u2019aggraver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-de-l-assistance-a-la-tutelle\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>De l\u2019assistance \u00e0 la tutelle<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historiquement, les premi\u00e8res mesures de protection sociale ne relevaient pas de l\u2019altruisme. Au XIX<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle, Otto von Bismarck, ministre-pr\u00e9sident de Prusse puis chancelier de l\u2019Empire allemand, n\u2019a pas l\u00e9gif\u00e9r\u00e9 par compassion, mais par calcul politique: il redoutait les r\u00e9voltes \u2013 avec le pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise en ligne de mire \u2013 et constatait que les \u0153uvres caritatives de l\u2019Eglise ne suffisaient plus face \u00e0 l\u2019industrialisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u2019est dans ce contexte que furent pos\u00e9es les bases de l\u2019Etat social, auquel le juriste allemand Hermann Heller allait donner son nom. Peu apr\u00e8s, le juriste Ernst Forsthoff formulait l\u2019id\u00e9e de la <em>Daseinsvorsorge<\/em> \u2013 la garantie des conditions d\u2019existence. Dans les deux cas, l\u2019Etat devait emp\u00eacher qu\u2019une situation de n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 prive une personne de la possibilit\u00e9 de s\u2019\u00e9panouir ou de progresser. Mais \u2013 et c\u2019est l\u00e0 le principe essentiel qui n\u2019aurait jamais d\u00fb \u00eatre perdu de vue \u2013 cette aide ne devait intervenir qu\u2019\u00e0 titre subsidiaire. Elle ne visait ni \u00e0 \u00e9galiser les individus ni \u00e0 agir \u00e0 leur place, mais \u00e0 leur donner les moyens de subvenir eux-m\u00eames \u00e0 leurs besoins. Autrement dit, la prestation \u00e9tait le moyen; l\u2019autonomie, la fin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce principe s\u2019est toutefois \u00e9rod\u00e9 apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le mod\u00e8le a progressivement chang\u00e9 de nature, sous l\u2019effet de l\u2019accumulation des prestations et de l\u2019\u00e9largissement des droits. Il a ainsi fait de certaines situations la source de droits subjectifs \u2013 c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de pr\u00e9rogatives individuelles juridiquement exigibles \u2013 alors qu\u2019elles n\u2019auraient jamais d\u00fb ouvrir de tels droits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le cadre d\u2019assistance est ainsi devenu un cadre de tutelle. L\u2019aide a c\u00e9d\u00e9 la place \u00e0 une prise en charge continue et croissante: le citoyen n\u2019est plus consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un acteur qu\u2019il faut aider \u00e0 retrouver son autonomie, mais comme le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire durable de prestations dont l\u2019octroi d\u00e9pend de d\u00e9cisions politiques. L\u2019effet, recherch\u00e9 ou non, est de le rendre toujours plus d\u00e9pendant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-le-systeme-d-incitations\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Le syst\u00e8me d\u2019incitations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette \u00e9volution se lit \u00e9galement dans la conception institutionnelle des syst\u00e8mes de protection sociale d\u2019une bonne partie de l\u2019Europe. Ces dispositifs peinent \u00e0 atteindre toutes les personnes qui en ont besoin comme \u00e0 conduire leurs b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires vers l\u2019autonomie. Dans les pays o\u00f9 des donn\u00e9es sont disponibles, les entr\u00e9es dans le syst\u00e8me demeurent plus nombreuses que les sorties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le cas espagnol l\u2019illustre clairement. Chaque mois, le gouvernement du socialiste Pedro S\u00e1nchez pr\u00e9sente comme un succ\u00e8s le fait que le revenu minimum vital b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie \u00e0 un nombre croissant de foyers: 879&rsquo;225 en juillet 2026, soit 16,9% de plus qu\u2019un an auparavant. Dans sa cinqui\u00e8me \u00e9valuation, l\u2019Autorit\u00e9 ind\u00e9pendante de responsabilit\u00e9 fiscale rel\u00e8ve pourtant que 52\u2009% des foyers qui y ont droit n\u2019en font pas la demande et que 46\u2009% de ceux qui la sollicitent en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient encore cinq ans plus tard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La comparaison avec les taux de pauvret\u00e9 montre en outre que son incidence demeure limit\u00e9e. Bien que le dispositif espagnol figure parmi les plus g\u00e9n\u00e9reux d\u2019Europe, son effet sur la r\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9 reste inf\u00e9rieur de pr\u00e8s de sept points \u00e0 la moyenne europ\u00e9enne. Davantage d\u2019argent, moins de r\u00e9sultats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces chiffres sugg\u00e8rent que le dispositif peine \u00e0 favoriser la sortie de l\u2019assistance et le retour \u00e0 l\u2019autonomie. A cette difficult\u00e9 s\u2019ajoutent les pressions croissantes exerc\u00e9es sur le syst\u00e8me par le vieillissement de la population et l\u2019immigration. Les d\u00e9penses augmentent donc sans am\u00e9lioration proportionnelle de la qualit\u00e9 des prestations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-le-cadre-institutionnel-au-coeur-du-debat\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Le cadre institutionnel au c\u0153ur du d\u00e9bat<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le probl\u00e8me ne tient pourtant pas \u00e0 la prestation elle-m\u00eame, mais au cadre institutionnel dans lequel elle est accord\u00e9e. Or ce cadre n\u2019est pas neutre: faute de limites, l\u2019action de l\u2019Etat tend naturellement \u00e0 s\u2019\u00e9tendre. Personne ne conteste que le pouvoir doive \u00eatre limit\u00e9 dans une d\u00e9mocratie lib\u00e9rale. Il est d\u00e8s lors frappant que cette exigence s\u2019efface d\u00e8s qu\u2019il est question de prestations sociales, comme si la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de leur finalit\u00e9 nous en dispensait.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<form method=\"post\" action=\"https:\/\/newsletter.infomaniak.com\/external\/submit\" class=\"inf-form\" target=\"_blank\"><input type=\"email\" name=\"email\" style=\"display:none\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"key\"\nvalue=\"eyJpdiI6IlZXRVJGMlRGQUU2alNqUE81bitIUk5adnNVa0c4MllFTStzOHdHT1FQZ3c9IiwidmFsdWUiOiJIYzhwMUVCK1pTNnlhY3MyMmhuZlhReWJqemEwNk93blMxTjFHc0s2VHZrPSIsIm1hYyI6ImVhYTQ5N2I1M2NiYWE4NzBm\nNjk2NzgzYjliM2Y5NmYzM2E2ZmU3NGQxNTU1ZDFkMTU1MzY5NTdjYjE3ZTJmNTUifQ==\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"webform_id\" value=\"7291\"><style> .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff{ background-color:#f5f5f5;\npadding:25px 20px; margin:25px auto; } .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-content { margin-top:13px;} .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff h4, .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff span, .inf-\nmain_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff label, .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff input, .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-submit, .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-success p a { color:#555555; font-\nsize:14px; } .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff h4{ font-size:18px; margin:0px 0px 13px 0px; } .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff h4, .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff label{ font-weight:bold; } .inf-\nmain_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-input { margin-bottom:7px; } .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff label { display:block;} .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff input{ height:35px; color:#999999; border: 1px solid\n#E9E9E9; border:none; padding-left:7px; } .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-input.inf-error label, .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-input.inf-error span.inf-message{ color: #cc0033; } .inf-\nmain_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-input.inf-error input{ border: 1px solid #cc0033; } .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-input input { width:100%;} .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-input.inf-error\nspan.inf-message { display: block; } .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-submit { text-align:right;} .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-submit input{ background-color:#777777; color:#ffffff; border:none; font-weight:\nnormal; height:auto; padding:7px; } .inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff .inf-submit input.disabled{ opacity: 0.4; } .inf-btn { color: rgb(85, 85, 85); border: medium none; font-weight: normal; height: auto; padding: 7px; display: inline-block;\nbackground-color: white; box-shadow: 0px 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); border-radius: 2px; line-height: 1em; } .inf-rgpd { margin:25px 0px 15px 0px; color:#555555; } <\/style> <div class=\"inf-main_3000311ca56a1cb93397bc676c0b7fff\">\n<h4>NEWSLETTER DU REGARD LIBRE<\/h4> <span>Recevez nos articles chaque dimanche.<\/span> <div class=\"inf-success\" style=\"display:none\"> <h4>Votre inscription \u00e0 notre infolettre hebdomadaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9e avec succ\u00e8s !<\/h4> <p>\n<a href=\"#\" class=\"inf-btn\">&laquo;<\/a> <\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"inf-content\"> <div class=\"inf-input inf-input-text\"> <input type=\"text\" name=\"inf[1]\" data-inf-meta = \"1\" data-inf-error = \"Merci de renseigner une adresse email\" required=\"required\"\nplaceholder=\"Email\" > <\/div> <div class=\"inf-submit\"> <input type=\"submit\" name=\"\" value=\"S\u2019inscrire\"> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/form>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette tendance a \u00e9t\u00e9 bien d\u00e9crite par l\u2019\u00e9conomiste am\u00e9ricain James M. Buchanan: en l\u2019absence de limites constitutionnelles aux d\u00e9cisions redistributives, le syst\u00e8me tend \u00e0 cro\u00eetre d\u00e9mesur\u00e9ment et \u00e0 reporter la charge sur les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures, qui en h\u00e9ritent sans l\u2019avoir choisie. L\u2019\u00e9conomiste Mancur Olson en a \u00e9clair\u00e9 le m\u00e9canisme: les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices sont concentr\u00e9s et visibles, tandis que les co\u00fbts sont dispers\u00e9s et diff\u00e9r\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un tel syst\u00e8me infl\u00e9chit \u00e9galement les comportements. Lorsque sortir du dispositif expose \u00e0 davantage d\u2019incertitude, de contraintes r\u00e9glementaires ou de charges fiscales que d\u2019y rester, le maintien dans l\u2019assistance peut devenir, pour beaucoup, le choix le plus rationnel. La politique sociale se transforme alors en un pouvoir doux qui gouverne par les besoins, qu\u2019ils soient r\u00e9els ou cr\u00e9\u00e9s. Elle prend les traits de ce pouvoir tut\u00e9laire, minutieux et bienveillant que redoutait Alexis de Tocqueville: un pouvoir qui n\u2019opprime pas, mais accoutume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-revenir-aux-origines\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Revenir aux origines<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour renouer avec sa vocation premi\u00e8re, la protection sociale doit garantir les conditions d\u2019existence tout en favorisant l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance. Cela suppose une r\u00e9forme profonde du mod\u00e8le, que seuls quelques pays ont partiellement engag\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En premier lieu, la responsabilit\u00e9 individuelle doit en constituer le fondement: sans elle, aucun d\u00e9veloppement personnel n\u2019est possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En deuxi\u00e8me lieu, chaque politique sociale doit \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9e avant, pendant et apr\u00e8s sa mise en \u0153uvre, tant du point de vue de son efficacit\u00e9 que de son efficience. Cette \u00e9valuation doit notamment permettre de distinguer les prestations temporaires de celles qui doivent garantir durablement un minimum vital. Elle devrait aussi suivre un indicateur aujourd\u2019hui largement ignor\u00e9: combien de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires confront\u00e9s \u00e0 une difficult\u00e9 passag\u00e8re parviennent-ils \u00e0 retrouver leur autonomie?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En troisi\u00e8me lieu, la fourniture des prestations ne saurait \u00eatre le monopole du secteur public. Celui-ci doit jouer un r\u00f4le v\u00e9ritablement subsidiaire, en compl\u00e9ment des familles et des institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enfin, l\u2019intervention publique doit \u00eatre circonscrite: elle ne se justifie que lorsqu\u2019elle garantit un minimum vital qui ne peut \u00eatre assur\u00e9 autrement, sans jamais installer ses b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires dans la d\u00e9pendance. Cela suppose \u00e9galement de revoir les incitations auxquelles r\u00e9pond le secteur public lui-m\u00eame, naturellement port\u00e9 \u00e0 se rendre indispensable et, ce faisant, \u00e0 restreindre l\u2019autonomie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La r\u00e9ussite du mod\u00e8le social devrait donc se mesurer non au nombre de personnes prises en charge, mais \u00e0 sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 aider ses b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires \u00e0 retrouver leur autonomie. Sa vocation est d\u2019intervenir lorsqu\u2019un soutien est n\u00e9cessaire, puis de s\u2019effacer d\u00e8s qu\u2019il ne l\u2019est plus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Irene Correas Sosa<\/em><\/strong> <em>est professeure associ\u00e9e de droit constitutionnel \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 CEU San Pablo.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 id=\"h-vous-venez-de-lire-un-contenu-en-libre-acces-publie-dans-notre-edition-papier-le-regard-libre-nbsp-n-130-debats-analyses-actualites-culturelles-nbsp-abonnez-vous-nbsp-a-notre-media-de-reflexion-pour-nous-soutenir-et-avoir-acces-a-tous-nos-contenus\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vous venez de lire un contenu en libre acc\u00e8s, publi\u00e9 dans notre \u00e9dition papier (<a href=\"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/cpt-editions\/le-regard-libre-130-fete\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/cpt-editions\/le-regard-libre-130-fete\/\"><em>Le Regard Libre&nbsp;<\/em>N\u00b0130<\/a>). D\u00e9bats, analyses, actualit\u00e9s culturelles:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/abonnement\/\">abonnez-vous<\/a>&nbsp;\u00e0 notre m\u00e9dia de r\u00e9flexion pour nous soutenir et avoir acc\u00e8s \u00e0 tous nos contenus!<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Der Sozialstaat wurde ins Leben gerufen, um den Menschen zu helfen. Sein Erfolg h\u00e4tte daran gemessen werden m\u00fcssen, dass die Menschen ihn immer weniger brauchen.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1948,"featured_media":533655,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1001],"tags":[9472,977843,33225],"class_list":["post-533647","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politique","tag-analyses","tag-etat","tag-liberalisme"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.5 (Yoast SEO v28.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>De l\u2019assistance \u00e0\u00a0la\u00a0tutelle, la d\u00e9rive de\u00a0l\u2019Etat social<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Une analyse des d\u00e9rives de l\u2019\u00c9tat social, dont l\u2019expansion des prestations risque de transformer l\u2019aide aux individus en 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