{"id":15506,"date":"2018-05-28T06:00:07","date_gmt":"2018-05-28T05:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/?p=15506"},"modified":"2025-12-13T22:54:54","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T21:54:54","slug":"une-courte-histoire-du-venezuela-pour-comprendre-le-present","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/en\/policy\/world\/une-courte-histoire-du-venezuela-pour-comprendre-le-present\/","title":{"rendered":"A short history of Venezuela to understand the present"},"content":{"rendered":"

News Mondays - H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Lavoyer<\/em><\/p>\n

Here's a piece of news you're sure to have heard about this week: Nicol\u00e0s Maduro, successor to Hugo Chavez after his death in 2013, has been re-elected for another term as President of Venezuela. With nearly 70% of the vote, the president nevertheless finds himself more isolated and contested than ever; indeed, the economic and social situation is worsening, and the country remains one of the most dangerous in the world, not least because of its status as a \u00abhub\u00bb for the drug trade.<\/p>\n

Why do more than half the population abstain from voting in elections? What are the causes of the population's discontent? Taking into account the politics under Chavez gives us a better grasp of what's at stake today.<\/p>\n

L\u2019am\u00e9lioration sociale sous Chavez<\/h3>\n

En 1998, Hugo Chavez est \u00e9lu pr\u00e9sident du Venezuela. Il pr\u00e9sente alors la \u00ab R\u00e9volution bolivarienne \u00bb, cens\u00e9e relancer l\u2019\u00e9conomie et assainir les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales tout en amenant le pays sur la sc\u00e8ne internationale. Pari relev\u00e9, puisqu\u2019entre 1999 et 2010, le taux de scolarisation passe de 48% \u00e0 72% et que la part de la population pauvre baisse de 21% au cours de cette m\u00eame p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n

Pourtant, plusieurs failles remettent en question la politique de Chavez, et notamment la question de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, qui n\u2019a de cesse de baisser. Plusieurs raisons expliquent cela, notamment la pr\u00e9sence des FARCS en Colombie, ainsi que la perm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 de la fronti\u00e8re entre les deux pays, qui aurait profit\u00e9 tant au march\u00e9 de la coca\u00efne qu\u2019\u00e0 celui de l\u2019armement. Aujourd\u2019hui encore, le Venezuela est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l\u2019un des pays les plus dangereux au monde.<\/p>\n

De Chavez \u00e0 Maduro<\/h3>\n

En 2013, alors m\u00eame qu\u2019il venait d\u2019\u00eatre r\u00e9\u00e9lu, Hugo Chavez d\u00e9c\u00e8de et c\u2019est \u00e0 Nicol\u00e0s Maduro, \u00e9galement membre du parti Socialiste unifi\u00e9 du Venezuela, que revient la direction du pays. Probl\u00e8me majeur des ann\u00e9es Chavez : la principale source de financement du  gouvernement  \u00e9tait constitu\u00e9e par l\u2019industrie p\u00e9troli\u00e8re, le Venezuela regorgeant de cette mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re, plus encore que l\u2019Arabie Saoudite.<\/p>\n

A la chute du prix du p\u00e9trole, \u00e0 cause du manque de diversit\u00e9 dans le secteur \u00e9conomique et de tensions avec les Etats-Unis \u2013 puisque Chavez avait longuement combattu l\u2019influence am\u00e9ricaine en Am\u00e9rique centrale \u2013, la crise \u00e9conomique s\u2019\u00e9tend en une crise sociale, les services publics d\u00e9pendant de ces fonds. Le nouveau d\u00e9fi est alors de conserver la situation sociale am\u00e9lior\u00e9e du peuple ; pourtant, malgr\u00e9 de nombreuses mesures visant par exemple \u00e0 augmenter le montant du salaire minimum, c\u2019est un \u00e9chec.<\/p>\n

De plus en plus de p\u00e9nuries alimentaires ou m\u00e9dicinales \u00e9mergent, puisque la diversit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique n\u2019est pas d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e. Chute du p\u00e9trole rime avec augmentation de la pauvret\u00e9 et moins de moyens pour importer les 50% que consomment, en mati\u00e8re d\u2019alimentation, les V\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9liens.<\/p>\n

Mais pourquoi Maduro est-il si contest\u00e9 ?<\/h3>\n

Plusieurs raisons nous am\u00e8nent \u00e0 la d\u00e9testation dont le \u00ab gouvernement Maduro \u00bb fait l\u2019objet aujourd\u2019hui. Non seulement l\u2019ampleur de la crise \u00e9conomique et sociale, mais \u00e9galement la libert\u00e9 quasi inexistante de la presse, fortement dirig\u00e9e et oppress\u00e9e par le gouvernement. L\u2019opposition politique et le peuple accusent Maduro de dictature.<\/p>\n

En 2015, l\u2019opposition gagne du terrain et s\u2019impose num\u00e9riquement au Parlement. D\u00e9bute alors un duel tendu avec le gouvernement de Maduro. Le conflit s\u2019envenime encore en mars 2017, car la Cour Supr\u00eame (la puissance judiciaire principale du pays), compos\u00e9e majoritairement de partisans de Maduro, annonce sa d\u00e9cision de dissoudre le Parlement dont les pouvoirs lui reviendront.<\/p>\n

Il est trop tard lorsque l\u2019institution revient sur sa d\u00e9cision, et la population partisane \u00e0 l\u2019opposition commence de nombreuses manifestations dans les rues, suivies de conflits avec les forces militaires, elles majoritairement pro-Maduro. Les conflits s\u2019enveniment et les deux camps sont victimes d\u2019attentats violents.<\/p>\n

Et maintenant ?<\/h3>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, la r\u00e9\u00e9lection de Nicol\u00e0s Maduro est fortement contest\u00e9e ; \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de son territoire, mais \u00e9galement au-del\u00e0. Les Etats-Unis ont menac\u00e9, d\u00e8s le lendemain de l\u2019annonce des r\u00e9sultats, de prendre des mesures \u00e9conomiques et diplomatiques rapidement. L\u2019Union Europ\u00e9enne ainsi que les pays membres du \u00ab groupe de Lima \u00bb ont \u00e9galement r\u00e9cus\u00e9 le r\u00e9sultat. Dans leur discours, c\u2019est principalement le non-respect de la d\u00e9mocratie et la souffrance du peuple v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9lien qui sont avanc\u00e9s. D\u2019autres pays, tels que la Russie ou le Salvador, ont quant \u00e0 eux f\u00e9licit\u00e9 Maduro pour sa r\u00e9\u00e9lection.<\/p>\n

Les enjeux actuels, auxquels devra faire face Maduro, se trouvent donc entre les conflits avec l\u2019opposition et la situation socio-\u00e9conomique des habitants, qui s\u2019est d\u00e9grad\u00e9e depuis 2013. De plus, la corruption et le march\u00e9 de la drogue devront faire partie du programme du nouveau pr\u00e9sident. Rien n\u2019est certain cependant, et il n\u2019est pas impossible de voir un nouveau dirigeant prendre la place de Maduro \u00e0 cause de mesures forc\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Write to the author : helene.lavoyer@leregardlibre.com<\/a><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les lundis de l’actualit\u00e9 \u2013 H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Lavoyer Voici une nouvelle dont vous avez certainement entendu parler cette semaine : Nicol\u00e0s Maduro, successeur…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":326,"featured_media":509849,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[644357281],"tags":[532906,162414,870132,1657925,437278,217845,737136,157129],"class_list":["post-15506","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-monde","tag-amerique-du-sud","tag-chavez","tag-gouvernement","tag-maduro","tag-penurie","tag-petrole","tag-relations-internationales","tag-union-europeenne"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUne courte histoire du Venezuela pour comprendre le pr\u00e9sent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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