{"id":18984,"date":"2019-02-03T16:40:27","date_gmt":"2019-02-03T15:40:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/?p=18984"},"modified":"2024-07-24T23:15:56","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T21:15:56","slug":"a-letter-to-a-friend-a-philosophical-pastiche","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/en\/philosophie\/lettre-a-un-ami-pastiche-philosophique\/","title":{"rendered":"Letter to a friend (philosophical pastiche)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/en\/product\/le-regard-libre-n-46\/\">Le Regard Libre N\u00b0 46<\/a> - Thierry Fivaz<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">It's an embarrassing situation we're all familiar with. Any socially balanced person must have been confronted with it at least once in their life. That strange uneasiness that arises when a dear friend says something stupid. My friend doesn't say a lot of stupid things. By bullshit, I don't mean the little jokes and puns we tell each other between friends. No, by bullshit I mean a proposition asserted with sincerity, in public what's more, by a person who believes it to be true - it may even happen that this person is justified in believing it to be true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This kind or type of proposition, which we will henceforth refer to as <em>C<\/em>, can be likened to error\u2014in an Aristotelian sense, at any rate. Aristotle, in fact, considers error to be nothing other than \u00absaying of what is not that it is, or of what is that it is not.\u00bb In this sense, stupidity can be viewed as <em>a kind of<\/em> an error, since it, too, does not tell the truth. But is nonsense reducible to error? Or does it belong to an ontological category? <em>sui generis<\/em>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let me explain. Sometimes\u2014and for some people, even often\u2014we say things that aren\u2019t true. In that sense, we <em>let's commit<\/em> errors. To be clear, these are <em>to commit<\/em> an error in the linguistic sense of the term, not in the sense of <em>to do something by mistake<\/em> such as doing <em>x<\/em> by mistake. Let\u2019s understand that the mistake we\u2019re interested in here is what philosophers generally call a <em>speech act<\/em>. That said, it\u2019s quite common for us to say things that aren\u2019t true or to hear something that isn\u2019t true. A prime example: weather forecasts. It\u2019s common for meteorologists\u2014and especially TV weather presenters\u2014to say things that aren\u2019t true. A presenter might very well announce, \u00abIt will rain tomorrow,\u00bb when, on the day in question, it turns out that no rain fell at all. So, did the presenter say something stupid, or did he simply make a mistake in his forecast and <em>clerk<\/em> A mistake?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The weather report does not provide a satisfactory answer to the question. The difficulty stems from its temporal dimension: when the presenter says, \u00abIt will rain tomorrow,\u00bb we do not know whether he is telling the truth or is mistaken and saying something false. Consequently, it\u2019s hard to exclaim in front of the TV, \u00abThat news anchor is talking nonsense!\u00bb because only the facts will determine whether that statement is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An example that might be more compelling and useful for our investigation could be that of a journalist. It does indeed happen that a journalist gets the facts wrong and, as a result, makes erroneous and therefore false statements. In such a situation, the journalist is sometimes encouraged to acknowledge the error so that the truth can be restored. However, wouldn\u2019t it be harsh\u2014and somewhat unfair to the profession\u2014to argue that a journalist who has made a mistake is, in fact, spouting nonsense? Here, too, answering this question is not as easy as it seems. To claim that a journalist could never spout nonsense seems far too restrictive, because it does happen sometimes\u2014and no one can deny this\u2014that a journalist does, in fact, spout nonsense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From what has just been said, the following lessons can be drawn: there are mistakes that aren\u2019t bullshit (the journalist\u2019s mistake) and there are mistakes that are bullshit (the journalist\u2019s bullshit). Let\u2019s set aside the question of whether there is nonsense that isn\u2019t a mistake and focus our attention on what causes a mistake to become nonsense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One possible way to distinguish between stupidity and a mistake would be to view stupidity as something intentional (in the sense of doing something intentionally <em>x<\/em>). Bullshit, then, would be the act of intentionally stating something false, whereas a mistake occurs when one states something false unintentionally. However, this distinction is difficult to maintain, given that we have previously stated that a person who tells a lie believes what they are saying to be true. Yet it seems implausible to believe that what one says is true and to say it, while at the same time intentionally wanting what one says to be false. Intentionality is therefore a characteristic incapable of correctly distinguishing nonsense from error.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A second idea\u2014and perhaps a more promising one\u2014would be to focus on <em>the subject of the error<\/em>. An error always has an object or a subject matter. In the sense that an error is always about something or concerns something. It is, in fact, impossible for an error to be about nothing. When our boss, a dear friend, or our grandfather tells us, \u00abYou have <em>clerk<\/em> \u00bba mistake,\u00ab we would inevitably ask him with a concerned look, \u00bbWhat did I say? What is my mistake?\u00ab\u2014to which we would be very surprised if he replied, \u00bbYour mistake isn't about anything.\" A mistake, therefore, always pertains to something, and what the mistake pertains to is <em>the subject of the error<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, it turns out that the subject matter of an error is uniquely always false. All errors do, in fact, have in common that their subject matter is never true. A journalist\u2019s error has as its object something that is not true, such as claiming on the radio that \u00abLance Armstrong is the first man to have walked on the moon.\u00bb Yet it is here that we can consider the distinction between an error and nonsense. For while both nonsense and error have a false proposition as their object, nonsense is distinguished by the fact that the false proposition is held to be highly true by the person asserting it, even though its falsity seems obvious to everyone else. While this still needs to be verified, it also seems that nonsense, unlike error, has a public dimension. Indeed, uttering nonsense is a futile attempt to describe the world; yet we describe the world for others. Another important criterion seems to be the number of people who know that what is being said is not true. Indeed, it sometimes happens that nonsense goes unrecognized by people who are inattentive or not particularly scrupulous about identifying falsehood in certain statements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So saying something stupid means making a public statement that you believe to be true, but which is in fact false, and which a number of <em>m<\/em> No one knows that it isn't true. The larger the audience, the more likely the nonsense is to be exposed, and the further what is considered true strays from the truth, the greater the nonsense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">That's bullshit <em>C<\/em> occurs when S believes that <em>P<\/em> is the case and that S asserts <em>P<\/em> in front of <em>n<\/em> people, whereas <em>P<\/em> is false. The degree of stupidity (<em>dc<\/em>) is proportional to the evident truth of non-<em>P<\/em>; more <em>n<\/em> The bigger it is, the more likely the nonsense is to be identified, if and only if, <em>m<\/em> people on <em>n<\/em> know that <em>P<\/em> is false. If <em>m<\/em>=0, so the nonsense cannot be identified. The necessary condition for nonsense to be identified is that <em>m<\/em>\u22651; let's add that if <em>m<\/em>=<em>n<\/em> So S ends up humiliated like never before.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All this to say, my dear friend, that the other day you made a statement in public <em>P<\/em> that you believed to be true, but which was false, and that no one else but me knew was false. And just as what you believed to be true (<em>P<\/em>) was wrong\u2014and by a long shot. Not only did no one else besides me point out the nonsense you said, but I have a duty as a friend to tell you that it was really, and I mean really, a load of nonsense. What was that nonsense about again? Oh, that\u2014I don\u2019t remember anymore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Write to the author: <a href=\"mailto:thierry.fivaz@leregardlibre.com\">thierry.fivaz@leregardlibre.com<\/a><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Regard Libre N\u00b0 46 &#8211; Thierry Fivaz C\u2019est une situation g\u00eanante que l\u2019on conna\u00eet tous. N\u2019importe qui de socialement&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":341,"featured_media":510314,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11566],"tags":[219339,644340971,644340969,34318258,644340970],"class_list":["post-18984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-philosophie","tag-aristote","tag-lettre","tag-philosophie-americaine","tag-philosophie-analytique","tag-philosophie-contemporaine"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.8 (Yoast SEO v28.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lettre \u00e0 un ami (pastiche philosophique)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/en\/philosophy\/a-letter-to-a-friend-a-philosophical-pastiche\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lettre \u00e0 un ami (pastiche philosophique)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le Regard Libre N\u00b0 46 - Thierry Fivaz C\u2019est une situation g\u00eanante que l\u2019on conna\u00eet tous. 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