{"id":514264,"date":"2022-12-03T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-03T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/?p=514264"},"modified":"2025-12-13T22:50:55","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T21:50:55","slug":"combatte-en-dictature-guerre-en-ukraine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/leregardlibre.com\/en\/policy\/world\/combatte-en-dictature-guerre-en-ukraine\/","title":{"rendered":"Are the reasons for fighting in a dictatorship different from those in a democracy?"},"content":{"rendered":"

For almost a year now, Russian soldiers have been fighting in Ukraine in a war whose rationality escapes most of the world. On the Ukrainian side, the reasons for fighting are almost self-evident, a question of survival. In the Russian ranks, the question arises.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Qu\u2019est-ce qui pousse ces hommes \u00e0 r\u00e9sister, \u00e0 tenir la ligne, \u00e0 vouloir monter au front, ob\u00e9ir \u00e0 leurs officiers et mourir peut-\u00eatre pour leur pays? C\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la question que se pose Jean-Luc Leleu dans son r\u00e9cent ouvrage Combattre en dictature. 1944 \u2013 La Wehrmacht face au d\u00e9barquement<\/em>. Au fil des pages, l\u2019historien interroge les ressorts et les d\u00e9terminants qui pouss\u00e8rent soldats et commandants \u00e0 ob\u00e9ir, \u00e0 se battre \u00abjusqu\u2019au dernier\u00bb dans une guerre qui \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 perdue. Alors qu\u2019une guerre se d\u00e9roule \u00e0 nos portes, difficile de ne pas tirer de ce livre quelques enseignements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quelles sont les raisons de combattre?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A tout prendre, les facteurs de base qui incitent un soldat \u00e0 combattre ne varient pas fondamentalement entre une d\u00e9mocratie et une dictature. Comme le rappelle Jean-Luc Leleu, \u00ab[\u00e0] vouloir intellectualiser la guerre, on oublie parfois les facteurs les plus \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires qui influencent le moral au quotidien\u00bb. Le soldat doit \u00eatre v\u00eatu correctement, nourri r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement et recevoir en suffisance un mat\u00e9riel efficace. C\u2019est une sorte de \u00abcontrat social\u00bb entre le soldat et l\u2019institution. En \u00e9change de sa prise en charge, le soldat doit ob\u00e9issance \u00e0 ses sup\u00e9rieurs. Dans la plupart des cas, \u00able sentiment de loyaut\u00e9, le carcan de l\u2019institution militaire, le conditionnement \u00e0 l\u2019ob\u00e9issance, la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition des gestes, le mim\u00e9tisme comportemental\u00bb suffisent \u00e0 expliquer la combativit\u00e9 et la r\u00e9sistance d\u2019une unit\u00e9, en d\u00e9mocratie comme en dictature, en Normandie comme dans le Donbass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cependant, \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence des dictatures, les d\u00e9mocraties se doivent de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer un minimum d\u2019adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 leur cause parmi les soldats. Dans la Wehrmacht de 1944, \u00ab\u2009la violence physique dans l\u2019exercice du commandement\u2009\u00bb se retrouvait \u00e0 tous les niveaux. Surtout, les forces arm\u00e9es allemandes \u00e9taient parvenues \u00e0 cr\u00e9er \u00abune \u2018\u2018r\u00e9action machinale aux ordres\u2019\u2019 parmi le soldat allemand qui le conduisait \u00e0 combattre jusqu\u2019aux limites de ses capacit\u00e9s autant qu\u2019\u00e0 se montrer d\u2019une grande docilit\u00e9 une fois captur\u00e9\u00bb. Enfin, la diffusion d\u2019une propagande sur plusieurs ann\u00e9es, une confiance envers le chef, Hitler comme Poutine, et tous les facteurs d\u2019encadrement, fonctionnent comme autant de moteurs fournissant l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment central: un espoir de victoire. Combattre dans le seul but de vaincre, en somme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A quel moment la volont\u00e9 s\u2019effondre-t-elle?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Si la Wehrmacht est all\u00e9e jusqu\u2019\u00e0 cr\u00e9er une forme d\u2019asservissement de ses soldats, ces derniers n\u2019\u00e9taient pas des machines. Le \u00abconsentement au sacrifice\u00bb, surtout dans des situations d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9es, finit souvent par dispara\u00eetre. L\u2019absence de ravitaillement, des missions sans espoir de r\u00e9ussite, l\u2019\u00e9puisement physique et mental poussait les soldats \u00e0 adopter des \u00abstrat\u00e9gies d\u2019\u00e9vitement\u00bb: se constituer prisonnier, d\u00e9serter, chercher \u00e0 rester \u00e0 l\u2019arri\u00e8re, s\u2019automutiler, voire se suicider.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En dictature, quand l\u2019information est verrouill\u00e9e et que des situations d\u00e9favorables se pr\u00e9sentent, une dissonance cognitive grandit parmi les soldats. Elle se caract\u00e9rise par une incompatibilit\u00e9 entre une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 d\u00e9favorable et l\u2019id\u00e9e, inculqu\u00e9e par la propagande, selon laquelle la victoire est in\u00e9vitable. En Normandie, \u00ab[i]l fallut donc trouver le moyen de r\u00e9interpr\u00e9ter la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 dans un sens positif qui leur laiss\u00e2t un motif d\u2019esp\u00e9rer\u2009\u00bb. Le risque, pour une dictature, est la disparition de cette dissonance et une acceptation de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. \u00ab[Une fois arriv\u00e9 en Allemagne], on assista alors \u00e0 un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne brutal de d\u00e9compensation du corps social allemand: tous les artifices \u00e9motionnels inspir\u00e9s par la propagande du r\u00e9gime et fond\u00e9s sur le charisme de Hitler ne suffirent plus \u00e0 \u00e9quilibrer une situation militaire d\u00e9sormais jug\u00e9e d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9e par la plupart.\u00bb C\u2019est l\u00e0 que le \u00abconsentement au sacrifice\u00bb dispara\u00eet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le cas de l\u2019arm\u00e9e russe en Ukraine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Les raisons qui poussent des hommes \u00e0 risquer leur vie et \u00e0 \u00e9ventuellement mourir sont sensiblement les m\u00eames en d\u00e9mocratie et en dictature. Le r\u00e9gime de Poutine ne fait pas exception. Que ce soit gr\u00e2ce aux pensions et aux r\u00e9compenses pour les soldats ou \u00e0 l\u2019ob\u00e9issance et \u00e0 la coercition, les soldats russes continuent pour l\u2019instant le combat. Mais il leur faut, comme dans la Wehrmacht, une confiance dans leur chef qui leur donne l\u2019espoir d\u2019une victoire prochaine. Or, Poutine a d\u00e9j\u00e0 vaincu dans le Donbass et rapport\u00e9 la Crim\u00e9e \u00e0 leur pays. Autre \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel organis\u00e9 par le dirigeant russe depuis maintenant vingt ans: la destruction de toute forme d\u2019alternative cr\u00e9dible au pouvoir actuel, pour que les Russes aient pour seules options le combat ou le chaos. Chaos qu\u2019ils sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 nombreux \u00e0 avoir v\u00e9cu lors de la dissolution de l\u2019URSS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais voil\u00e0 que la dissonance cognitive grandit au sein de l\u2019arm\u00e9e et de la population. Si la Russie est aussi puissante que le dit le Kremlin, pourquoi recule-t-elle en Ukraine? Quelle sera la limite \u00e0 partir de laquelle les illusions des Russes sur leurs capacit\u00e9s de vaincre et sur la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de cette guerre dispara\u00eetront? Quand est-ce que les Russes ouvriront les yeux? Pour les Allemands, l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement d\u00e9clencheur fut l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des Alli\u00e9s sur le Rhin, aux portes de la patrie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Write to the author: clement.guntern@leregardlibre.com<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

You have just read an analysis from our print edition (Le Regard Libre<\/em> N\u00b091<\/a>).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cr\u00e9dit photo: Lukyanivka, Ukraine, 25 mars 2022, v\u00e9hicule militaire russe d\u00e9truit \u00a9 Oles Navrotskyi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>
\n

Jean-Luc Leleu
Combattre en dictature. 1944 \u2013 La Wehrmacht face au d\u00e9barquement
<\/em>Editions Perrin
2022
776 pages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
Order the book<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For almost a year now, Russian soldiers have been fighting in Ukraine in a war whose rationality escapes most of the world. On the Ukrainian side, the reasons for fighting are almost self-evident, a question of survival. 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